Development Across the Lifespan Quiz — 7 Free Questions

Question 1

What is the name for the capacity to resist a smaller reward available now in order to obtain a larger reward later, studied by Walter Mischel by leaving a preschooler alone with one marshmallow and the offer of a second one if they could wait about fifteen minutes?

Question 2

What is the name for the wariness or fear of unfamiliar people that typically emerges in the second half of the first year, so that a baby who once went happily to anyone now frowns, clings or cries when a stranger approaches?

Question 3

What is the name, in Piaget's theory, for the understanding that a quantity of liquid, number, mass or length stays the same when its appearance is rearranged, so that pouring juice into a taller, thinner glass does not create more juice?

Question 4

What is the name for the research method that estimates how far a trait is inherited by comparing how alike identical twins are with how alike fraternal twins are, on the assumption that both kinds share their environment to a similar degree?

Question 5

What is the name, in Diana Baumrind's typology, for the parenting style that pairs high warmth and responsiveness with firm, clearly explained expectations and consistent limits, and that is generally linked with the best child outcomes?

Question 6

What is the name for the newborn reflex in which a baby, when its cheek is lightly stroked, turns its head toward the touch and opens its mouth, a response that helps it locate the nipple?

Question 7

What is the name for the attachment classification, added later by Mary Main, in which the child shows no coherent strategy at reunion but instead odd, contradictory or fearful behaviour, freezing, approaching then backing away, or dazed expressions?

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About Development Across the Lifespan

This quiz is about how a person changes from conception to old age: the ways development is studied, prenatal growth and the newborn, the infant's first bonds, the unfolding of thinking and language, the growth of morality and the self, the classic stages of psychosocial life, adolescence and the adult years, and the psychology of ageing. Ninety questions in six packs, each describing a concept, a stage, a theory, a research method or an effect and asking you to name it from four choices of the same kind, then explaining it. It is a knowledge quiz.

The first pack covers how development is studied and the earliest life: longitudinal, cross-sectional and cohort issues, gene-environment correlation and the twin study, teratogens and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, the embryonic period, the rooting and Moro reflexes, preferential looking, kangaroo mother care, the still-face paradigm, sensitive periods and infantile amnesia.

The second pack covers attachment and early social life: the secure base, separation and stranger anxiety, the Strange Situation, the secure, resistant, avoidant and disorganised patterns, the internal working model, monotropy, contact comfort, behavioural inhibition, temperament and social referencing.

The third pack covers Piaget and cognitive development: the four stages, object permanence, egocentrism, conservation and centration, assimilation and accommodation, and Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, scaffolding and private speech, along with theory of mind and the false-belief task.

The fourth pack covers language, morality and the self: babbling, telegraphic speech, fast mapping, child-directed speech and the vocabulary spurt; Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning and Piaget's heteronomous morality; self-conscious emotions, the mirror self-recognition test, gender identity, gender constancy, gender schema theory and delay of gratification.

The fifth pack covers Erikson's eight psychosocial conflicts from trust versus mistrust to integrity versus despair, together with Marcia's identity moratorium, Elkind's personal fable and imaginary audience, emerging adulthood, the dual systems model of adolescent risk, socioemotional selectivity theory and the positivity effect.

The sixth pack covers theories, parenting and ageing: Bronfenbrenner's micro-, meso-, exo-, macro- and chronosystems, Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved styles, goodness of fit, resilience, cognitive reserve, terminal decline, selective optimization with compensation and disengagement theory.

The wrong answers are always other concepts, stages, theories or methods of the same kind. About thirty-six of the ninety questions carry a photograph of a neutral object, dice, poker chips, a stopwatch, a model brain or a microscope, chosen because every option is the same sort of thing and the picture cannot point to any of them. Facts have been checked against standard developmental-psychology texts.